Residual Processing

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In general, the complexity of the treatment-process flow diagram will depend on which constituents need to be removed and the required levels of removal.

• Suspended solids:
  Screening,
  Grit removal,
  Sedimentation
  High rate clarification
  Chemical precipitation with settling, flotation or filtration
  Depth filtration
  Surface filtration

• Biodegradable organics:
  Aerobic suspended growth variations
  Aerobic attached growth variations
  Anaerobic suspended growth variations
  Anaerobic attached growth variations
  Physical-chemical systems
  Chemical oxidation
  Advanced oxidation
  Membrane filtration

• Nutrients (nitrogen):
  Chemical oxidation (breakpoint chlorination)
  Suspended-growth nitrification and denitrification variations
  Fixed-film nitrification and denitrification variations
  Air stripping
  Ion exchange

• Nutrients (phosphorus):
  Chemical precipitation
  Biological phosphorous removal

• Nutrients (nitrogen & phosphorus):
  Biological nutrient removal variations

• Pathogens:
  Chlorine compounds
  Chlorine dioxide
  Ozone Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
  Heat treatment (Pasteurization)

• Colloidal and dissolved solids:
  Membranes
  Chemical treatment
  Carbon adsorption
  Ion exchange

• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs):
  Air stripping
  Carbon adsorption
  Advanced oxidation

• Odour:
  Chemical scrubbers
  Carbon adsorption
  Bio-trickling filter
  Compost filter